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| Understanding The Linux Kernel, Podręczniki, 130 linux and unix ebooks, linux |
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[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] Understanding the Linux Kernel Daniel P. Bovet Marco Cesati Publisher: O'Reilly First Edition October 2000 ISBN: 0-596-00002-2, 702 pages Understanding the Linux Kernel helps readers understand how Linux performs best and how it meets the challenge of different environments. The authors introduce each topic by explaining its importance, and show how kernel operations relate to the utilities that are familiar to Unix programmers and users. Table of Contents Preface .......................................................... The Audience for This Book .......................................... Organization of the Material .......................................... Overview of the Book .............................................. Background Information ............................................. Conventions in This Book ........................................... How to Contact Us ................................................. Acknowledgments ................................................. 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 5 1. Introduction .................................................... 1.1 Linux Versus Other Unix-Like Kernels ............................... 1.2 Hardware Dependency .......................................... 1.3 Linux Versions ................................................ 1.4 Basic Operating System Concepts .................................. 1.5 An Overview of the Unix Filesystem ................................ 1.6 An Overview of Unix Kernels ..................................... 6 6 10 11 12 16 22 2. Memory Addressing ............................................. 2.1 Memory Addresses ............................................. 2.2 Segmentation in Hardware ....................................... 2.3 Segmentation in Linux .......................................... 2.4 Paging in Hardware ............................................ 2.5 Paging in Linux ............................................... 2.6 Anticipating Linux 2.4 .......................................... 36 36 37 41 44 52 63 3. Processes ...................................................... 3.1 Process Descriptor ............................................. 3.2 Process Switching ............................................. 3.3 Creating Processes ............................................. 3.4 Destroying Processes ........................................... 3.5 Anticipating Linux 2.4 .......................................... 64 64 78 86 93 94 4. Interrupts and Exceptions ......................................... 4.1 The Role of Interrupt Signals ...................................... 4.2 Interrupts and Exceptions ........................................ 4.3 Nested Execution of Exception and Interrupt Handlers .................. 4.4 Initializing the Interrupt Descriptor Table ............................ 4.5 Exception Handling ........................................... 4.6 Interrupt Handling ............................................ 4.7 Returning from Interrupts and Exceptions ........................... 4.8 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ......................................... 96 96 97 106 107 109 112 126 129 5. Timing Measurements ........................................... 5.1 Hardware Clocks ............................................. 5.2 The Timer Interrupt Handler ..................................... 5.3 PIT's Interrupt Service Routine ................................... 5.4 The TIMER_BH Bottom Half Functions ............................ 5.5 System Calls Related to Timing Measurements ........................ 5.6 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ......................................... 131 131 133 134 136 145 148 6. Memory Management ........................................... 6.1 Page Frame Management ....................................... 6.2 Memory Area Management ...................................... 6.3 Noncontiguous Memory Area Management .......................... 6.4 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ......................................... 149 149 160 176 181 7. Process Address Space .......................................... 7.1 The Process's Address Space ..................................... 7.2 The Memory Descriptor ........................................ 7.3 Memory Regions ............................................. 7.4 Page Fault Exception Handler .................................... 7.5 Creating and Deleting a Process Address Space ....................... 7.6 Managing the Heap ............................................ 7.7 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ......................................... 183 183 185 186 201 212 214 216 8. System Calls .................................................. 8.1 POSIX APIs and System Calls ................................... 8.2 System Call Handler and Service Routines ........................... 8.3 Wrapper Routines ............................................. 8.4 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ......................................... 217 217 218 229 230 9. Signals ....................................................... 9.1 The Role of Signals ........................................... 9.2 Sending a Signal .............................................. 9.3 Receiving a Signal ............................................ 9.4 Real-Time Signals ............................................ 9.5 System Calls Related to Signal Handling ............................ 9.6 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ......................................... 231 231 239 242 251 252 257 10. Process Scheduling ............................................ 10.1 Scheduling Policy ............................................ 10.2 The Scheduling Algorithm ..................................... 10.3 System Calls Related to Scheduling ............................... 10.4 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ........................................ 258 258 261 272 276 11. Kernel Synchronization ......................................... 11.1 Kernel Control Paths .......................................... 11.2 Synchronization Techniques .................................... 11.3 The SMP Architecture ........................................ 11.4 The Linux/SMP Kernel ........................................ 11.5 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ........................................ 277 277 278 286 290 302 12. The Virtual Filesystem ......................................... 12.1 The Role of the VFS .......................................... 12.2 VFS Data Structures .......................................... 12.3 Filesystem Mounting ......................................... 12.4 Pathname Lookup ............................................ 12.5 Implementations of VFS System Calls ............................. 12.6 File Locking ................................................ 12.7 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ........................................ 303 303 308 324 329 333 337 342 13. Managing I/O Devices .......................................... 13.1 I/O Architecture ............................................. 13.2 Associating Files with I/O Devices ............................... 13.3 Device Drivers .............................................. 13.4 Character Device Handling ..................................... 13.5 Block Device Handling ........................................ 13.6 Page I/O Operations .......................................... 13.7 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ........................................ 343 343 348 353 360 361 377 380 14. Disk Caches .................................................. 14.1 The Buffer Cache ............................................ 14.2 The Page Cache ............................................. 14.3 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ........................................ 382 383 396 398 15. Accessing Regular Files ......................................... 15.1 Reading and Writing a Regular File ............................... 15.2 Memory Mapping ............................................ 15.3 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ........................................ 400 400 408 416 16. Swapping: Methods for Freeing Memory ........................... 16.1 What Is Swapping? ........................................... 16.2 Swap Area ................................................. 16.3 The Swap Cache ............................................. 16.4 Transferring Swap Pages ....................................... 16.5 Page Swap-Out .............................................. 16.6 Page Swap-In ............................................... 16.7 Freeing Page Frames .......................................... 16.8 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ........................................ 417 417 420 429 433 437 442 444 450 17. The Ext2 Filesystem ........................................... 17.1 General Characteristics ........................................ 17.2 Disk Data Structures .......................................... 17.3 Memory Data Structures ....................................... 17.4 Creating the Filesystem ........................................ 17.5 Ext2 Methods ............................................... 17.6 Managing Disk Space ......................................... 17.7 Reading and Writing an Ext2 Regular File .......................... 17.8 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ........................................ 451 451 453 459 463 464 466 473 475 18. Process Communication ........................................ 18.1 Pipes ..................................................... 18.2 FIFOs .................................................... 18.3 System V IPC ............................................... 18.4 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ........................................ 476 477 483 486 499 19. Program Execution ............................................ 19.1 Executable Files ............................................. 19.2 Executable Formats .......................................... 19.3 Execution Domains ........................................... 19.4 The exec-like Functions ....................................... 19.5 Anticipating Linux 2.4 ........................................ 500 500 512 514 515 519 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] |